A Practical English Grammar - Oxford University Press

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CONTENTS

References are to sections, unless otherwise stated.      
1  Articles and one, a little/ a few, this, that page 9        fairly, rather, quite, hardly etc.
a/an (the indefinite article) 1                                          fairly and rather 42
Use of a/an 2                                                              quite 43
Omission of a/an 3                                                      hardly, scarcely, barely 44
a/an and one 4
a little/a few and little/few 5                                          Inversion of the verb
the (the definite article) 6                                              Inversion after certain adverbs 45
Omission of the 7
Omission of the before home etc. 8                             5 all, each, every, both, neither, either, some, any,
no, none page 64
This/these, that/those 9                                                all, each, every, everyone etc. 46
both 47
2  Nouns page 16                                                        all/both/each + of etc. 48
Kinds and function 10                                                  neither, either 49
Gender 10                                                                   some, any, no and none 50
Plurals 12                                                                    someone, anyone, no one etc. 51
Uncountable nouns 13                                                 else after someone/anybody etc. 52
Form of possessive case 14                                        another, other etc. with one, some 53
Use of possessive case etc. 15
Compound nouns 16                                                   6 Interrogatives: wh-? words and how? page 71
Interrogative adjectives and pronouns 54
3  Adjectives page 23                                                  Affirmative verb after who etc. 55
Kinds of adjectives 17                                                 who, whom, whose, which, what 56
Position of adjectives 18                                             who, whom, which and what as objects of
prepositions 57
Order of adjectives of quality 19                                  Uses of what 58
Comparison 20                                                            which compared with who, what 59
Constructions with comparisons 21                              Interrogative adverbs:
than/as + pronoun + auxiliary 22                                    why, when, where, how 60
the + adjective 23                                                        ever after who, what etc. 61
Adjectives + one/ones etc. 24
many and much 25                                                      7 Possessive, personal and reflexive pronouns: my,
mine, I, myself etc.          page 75 
Adjectives + infinitives 26                                            Possessive adjectives and pronouns 62
Adjectives + various constructions 27                           Agreement and use of possessive adjectives 63
Possessive pronouns replacing possessive
adjectives + nouns 64
4  Adverbs page 47                                                     Personal pronouns 65
Kinds of adverbs 28                                                    Position of pronoun objects 66
Use of it 67
Form and use                                                              Indefinite pronouns 68
Formation of adverbs with Iy 29                                   Use of they/them/their with, neither/either, someone
etc. 69
Adverbs and adjectives with                                         Reflexive pronouns 70
the same form 30                                                       Emphasizing pronouns 71
Comparative and superlative 31
far, farther/farthest etc. 32                                            8 Relative pronouns and clauses page 81
much, more, most 33                                                   Defining relative clauses 72
Constructions with comparisons 34                              Relative pronouns used in defining clauses 73
Defining clauses: persons 74
Position                                                                      Defining clauses: things 75
Adverbs of manner 35                                                 Cleft sentences 76
Adverbs of place 36                                                    Relative clause replaced by infinitive or participle 77
Adverbs of time 37                                                      Non-defining relative clauses 78
Adverbs of frequency 38                                             Non-defining clauses: persons 79
Order of adverbs 39                                                    all, both, few, most, several etc. + of whom/which 80
Sentence adverbs 40                                                   Non-defining clauses: things 81

Adverbs of degree 41                                                  Connective relative clauses 82

what (relative pronoun) and which (connective               Have as an auxiliary verb
relative) 83
Commas in relative clauses 84                                     Form, and use 118
whoever, whichever etc. 85                                           have + object + past participle 119
had better + bare infinitive 120
9  Prepositions page 91                                               have. object + present participle 121 Introduction 86
Alternative position 87                                                 have as an ordinary verb
Omission of to and for before indirect objects 88         have meaning ‘possess’ 122
Use and omission of to with verbs of communication    have meaning ‘take’, ‘give’ 123
89
Time and date: at, on, by etc. 90
Time: from, since, for etc. 91                                       do
Time: to, till/until, after, afterwards (adverb) 92              Form 124
Travel and movement: from, to, at, in, by, on, into etc. do used as an auxiliary 125
93
at in; in, into; on, onto 94                                             do used as an ordinary verb 126
above, over, under etc. 95
Prepositions used with adjectives and participles 96     12 may and can for permission and possibility     page
128
Verbs and prepositions 97                                           Permission
Gerunds after prepositions 98                                      may for permission: forms 127
Prepositions/adverbs 99                                              can for permission: forms 128
may and can used for permission in the present or
future 129
10 introduction to verbs page 105                                could or was/were allowed to for permission in the
past 130
Classes of verbs 100                                                    Requests for permission 131
Ordinary verbs                                                             Possibility
Principal parts 101                                                       May/might for possibility 132
Active tenses 102                                                        May/might + perfect infinitive 133
Negatives of tenses 103                                              could or may/might         134
Interrogative for questions and requests 104                 can for possibility 135
Negative interrogative 105
13 can and be able for ability page 134
Auxiliary verbs                                                             can and be able: forms 136
Auxiliaries and modals 106                                           Can/am able, could/was able 137
Forms and patterns 107                                               could + perfect infinitive 138
Use of auxiliaries in short answers, agreements etc.  14 ought, should, must, have to, need for obligation 
page 137
In short answers 108                                                    ought: forms 139
Agreements and disagreements 109                             should: forms 140
Question tags 110                                                       ought/should compared to must and have to 141
Comment tags 111                                                      ought/should with the continuous infinitive 142
Additions to remarks 112                                             ought/should with the perfect infinitive 143
must and have to: forms 144
11 be, have, do page 116                                            must and have to: difference 145
need not and must not in the present and future 146
be as an auxiliary verb                                                 need not, must not and must in the present and
future 147
Form and use 113                                                         need: forms 148
be + infinitive 114                                                        Absence of obligation 149
need not and other forms 150
be as an ordinary verb                                                 must, have to and need in the interrogative 151
be to denote existence, be + adjective 115                   needn’t + perfect infinitive 152
There is/are/was/were etc. 116                                      Needn’t have (done) and didn’t have/need (to do)
153
it is and there is compared 117                                     needn’t, could and should + perfect infinitive 154
to need meaning ‘require’ 155


15 must, have, will and should for deduction and          In time clauses 195
assumption page 147
must for deduction 156                                                In indirect speech 196
must compared to may/might 157                                The past perfect continuous tense Form and use
197
have/had for deduction 158
can't and couldn't used for negative deduction 159       19 The future page 180
will and should: assumption 160                                   Future forms 198
The simple present 199
16 The auxiliaries dare and used page 150                     Future with intention 200
dare 161                                                                      will + infinitive 201
used 162                                                                     The present continuous 202
to be/become/get used to 163                                     The be going to form 203
be going to used for intention 204
17 The present tenses page 153                                    be going to and will + infinitive to express intention
205
The present continuous                                                be going to used for prediction 206
Form 164                                                                    The future simple 207
Present participle: spelling                                           165       First person will and shall 208
Uses 166                                                                     Uses of the future simple 209
Other possible uses 167                                              will contrasted with want/wish/would tike 210
Verbs not normally used 168                                        The future continuous tense 211
feel, look, smel                                                           l and taste 169    The future continuous used as an ordinary
continuous tense 212
see and hear 170                                                         The future continuous used to express future without
intention 213
think, assume and expect 171                                      The future continuous and will + infinitive compared
214
The simple present tense                                             Various future forms 215
Form 172                                                                    The future perfect and the future perfect continuous
216
Used for habitual action 173
Other uses 174                                                            20 The sequence of tenses page 195
Subordinate clauses 217
18 The past and perfect tenses page 161                      The sequence of tenses 218
The simple past tense Form 175
Irregular verbs: form 176                                              21 The conditional page 196
Use for past events 177                                                The conditional tenses
The past continuous tense                                           The present conditional tense 219
Form 178                                                                    The perfect conditional tense 220
Main uses 179                                                             Conditional sentences
Other uses 180                                                            Conditional sentences type 1 221
Past continuous or simple past 181                              Conditional sentences type 2 222
The present perfect tense                                             Conditional sentences type 3 223
Form and use 182                                                        will/would and should 224
Use with just 183                                                         if + were and inversion 225
Past actions: indefinite time 184                                   if, even if, whether, unless, but for, otherwise etc.
226
Actions in an incomplete period 185                             if and in case 227
Actions lasting throughout an incomplete period 186  if only 228
Use with for and since 187                                           In indirect speech 229
it is + period + since + past or perfect tense 188
Present perfect and simple past 189                             22 Other uses of will/would, shall/should page 206
The present perfect continuous tense                           Habits expressed by will, would 230
Form 190                                                                    should/would think + that-clause or so/not 231
Use 191                                                                      would for past intention 232
Comparison of the present perfect                               shall I/we? 233
simple and continuous 192                                           shall: second and third persons 234
Some more examples 193                                            that...should 235
The past perfect tense                                                 it is/was + adjective + that... should 236
Form and use 194                                                        Other uses of should 237

23 The infinitive page 212                                            27 Commands, requests, invitations, advice,
suggestions page 245
Form 238                                                                    The imperative for commands 281
Uses of the infinitive 239                                              Other ways of expressing commands 282
The infinitive as subject 240                                         Requests with can/could/may/might I/we 283
As object or complement 241                                       Requests with could/will/would you etc. 284
Verb + how/what etc. + infinitive 242                             Requests with might 285
Infinitive after verb or verb + object 243                        Invitations 286
Infinitive after verb +• object 244                                  Advice forms 287
Infinitive after verbs of knowing and thinking etc. 245  Advice with  may/might as well + infinitive 288
The bare infinitive 246                                                  Suggestions 289
Infinitive represented by to 247
Split infinitives 248                                                      28 The subjunctive page 253
Infinitive as connective link 249                                    Form 290
Infinitive used to replace a relative clause 250               Use of the present subjunctive 291
Infinitive after certain nouns 251                                   as if etc. + past subjunctive 292
After too, enough, so... as 252                                     it is time + past subjunctive 293
Infinitive phrases 253
The continuous infinitive 254                                        29 care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish page 255
The perfect infinitive 255                                              care and like 294
Perfect infinitive continuous 256                                   care, like, love, hate, prefer 295
would like and want 296
24 The gerund page 228                                               would rather/sooner and prefer/would prefer 297
Form and use 257                                                        More examples of preference 298
The gerund as subject 258                                           wish, want and would like          299
Gerunds after prepositions 259                                    wish + subject + unreal past 300
The word to 260                                                           wish (that) + subject + would      301
Verbs followed by the gerund 261
Verbs + possessive adjective/pronoun object +            30 The passive voice page 263
gerund 262
The verb mind 263                                                       Form 302
The perfect gerund 264                                                Active and passive equivalents 303
The passive gerund 265                                               Uses of the passive 304
Prepositions with passive verbs 305
25 Infinitive and gerund constructions page 234             Infinitive constructions after passive verbs 306
Verbs + infinitive or gerund 266
Verbs + infinitive or gerund without change of               31 Indirect speech page 269
meaning 267
regret, remember, forget 268                                      Direct and indirect speech 307
agree/agree to, mean. propose 269                             Statements in indirect speech:
go on, stop, try. used (to) 270                                     tense changes necessary 308
be afraid (of), be sorry (for) be ashamed (of) 271         Past tenses 309
Unreal past tenses 310
26 The participles page 239                                          might, ought to, should, would, used to in indirect
statements 311
Present (or active) participle 272                                   could in indirect statements 312
After verbs of sensation 273                                        Pronoun and adjective 313
catch, find, leave + object + present participle 274  Expressions of time and place 314
go, come, spend, waste etc. 275                                 Infinitive and gerund 315
A present participle phrase replacing a main clause       say, tell, etc, 316
276
A present participle phrase replacing a subordinate       Questions in indirect speech 317
clause 277
Perfect participle (active) 278                                       Questions beginning shall I/we? 318
Part participle (passive) and perfect participle               Questions beginning       will you/would you/could
(passive) 279                                                               you? 319
Misrelated participles 280                                             Commands, requests, advice 320
Other ways of expressing indirect commands 321
let's, let us, let him/them 322
Exclamations and yes and no 323
Indirect speech: mixed types 324



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